"Samovar is a living soul"

АДМИНИСТРАЦИЯ ВОЛЖСКОГО РАЙОНА МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ГОРОД САРАТОВ»

МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

« Лицей № 107»

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Державинская ул., д.10 г. Саратов, 410018. Тел.(8452) 43-31-03, факс (8452) 44-14-63

Research work

"Samovar is a living soul"

made by:

the th form

the supervisor:

Korolkova A.V.

Saratov 2023

Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction...........................................................................................3

1.1 Relevance of the topic........................................................................................3

1.2 The purpose of the study...................................................................................3

1.3 Stages of research.............................................................................................3

1.4 Research objectives................................................................................................................3

1.5 Research methods ...........................................................................................4

Chapter2. The main part.......................................................................................5

2.1. Lexical meaning of the word...........................................................................5

2.2. The history of the samovar...........................................................................5-6

2.3. What are samovars........................................................................................6-8

2.4. The structure of the samovar and the principle of operation.......................8-10

2.5. The most unusual samovars.......................................................................10-11

2.6. Proverbs and sayings about the samovar ......................................................11

2.7. Traditions of tea consumption in Rus................………..........................11-12

Chapter3.The practical part..............................................................................13

3.1. Survey results.................................................................................................13

3.2. Visit to the "Samovar Museum" in Saratov ............................................13-14

Conclusion............................................................................................................16
Bibliography........................................................................................................17

I. introduction

1. Justification of the choice

Every morning, getting ready for school, I drink tea, pouring it from an electric kettle. And then one day I wondered how they used to drink tea? It's now that we put the kettle on a gas or electric stove, and if it's electric, just plug it into an outlet. I turned to my grandmother with this question. She told me that they used to drink tea from a samovar and sometimes spent several hours at tea.

2. Relevance

I consider this topic relevant, since for a long time gatherings at the samovar have been a Russian tradition, but at present it is difficult to imagine the presence of a samovar in the house, and its use in the household is forgotten. But today the samovar and gatherings around the samovar are once again becoming a symbol and example of family, harmony and communication.

I was wondering where the samovar came from? What are samovars?

3. The purpose of the study

• study the history of the Russian samovar.

4. Stages of research

Preparatory stage:

• choosing a topic for research;

• definition of research methods.

The main stage:

• search for information on the topic on the Internet;

• study of the collected information;

• preparation of the conclusions of the survey and questionnaire.

Implementation:

• execution of work results;

• determination of the possibility of registration of work results;

• presentation of the project.

5. The objectives

• find out the history of the samovar;

• find out what kind of samovars there are;

• study the structure of the samovar;

• summarize and systematize the collected material;

• conduct a survey of local residents;

• conduct a survey at school.

The object of research:

• samovar and the history of its origin.

Subject of research:

• samovar

Research methods:

• collecting information about samovars;

• search for information on the Internet;

• questionnaire, survey, interview.

6. Research hypothesis:

I assume that the samovar is not only the main subject of Russian life, but also an integral part of folk traditions, a symbol of family unity, harmony and communication.

I believe that my work has practical significance: promotes the expansion of children's ideas about the samovar as a subject of folk life; encourages the revival and preservation of Russian traditions.

II. The main part

2.1. Lexical meaning of the word

What is a samovar? "A samovar is a hot-water vessel for tea, mostly copper with a pipe and a brazier inside" - this definition is given in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian language by V. I. Dahl. The Dictionary indicates the functional purpose of the samovar - to heat water, but for Russian life and the whole way of life, the samovar meant much more than just a water heater.

A samovar is a device for making boiling water. "He cooks himself" - hence the name came from. The origin of this word is now not clear to everyone, because the combination of "he cooks" in conjunction with the word "water" seems wrong. But only 100 years ago, the word "cook" was used not only in relation to food (cooking soup, fish), but also in relation to water, along with the word "boil".

The definition of "samovar" appeared later, but at first it was called differently: in Kursk it was "samokipets", in Yaroslavl - "samogar", in Vyatka - "samogre".

For a Russian person, the samovar is always a symbol of the family hearth, comfort, friendly communication, a kind of personification of prosperity, well-being. It was included in the dowry of girls, inherited, given. Carefully polished, it was displayed in the most prominent and honorable place in the room.

2.2. The history of the samovar

The samovar was not invented in Russia. A similar device was in ancient Egypt: a large red-hot stone was thrown into an iron jar filled with water and the water boiled.

In ancient China, such a vessel was used for cooking, and in ancient Rome, hot drinks were already prepared with the help of such utensils.

In Russia, the samovar appeared in the time of Peter I. The Tsar brought a samovar from Holland. At this time, work begins at the factories where copper is smelted. At the beginning of the 18th century, teapots with a handle began to be made there. Later, these factories began to make cauldrons with pipes. These cauldrons were called sbitenniki. They gave rise to the Russian samovar.

Most researchers believe that two and a half centuries ago, the industrial production of this unique product began in the city of Tula. The reference to the samovar found in the inventory of the property of the Onega Monastery was taken for the original date - 1746. In addition to Tula, three Ural factories are also called the birthplace of the samovar - Suksunsky, which belonged to the Demidovs, Trinity Factory, which was owned by the Turchaninovs, and Irginsky, its owners were the Osokins. But there is information about the appearance of

the first samovar establishment. In 1778, on Bayonet Street, in Zarechye, brothers Ivan and Nazar Lisitsyn made a samovar in a small, at first, the first samovar establishment in the city. The founder of this institution was their father, the gunsmith Fyodor Lisitsyn, who, in his spare time at the gun factory, built his own workshop and worked on copper in it. So the first factory for the production of samovars appeared in Russia and was famous for their diversity.

In 1785, the samovar establishment of Alexei Morozov was opened, in 1787 - Fyodor Popov, in 1796 - Mikhail Medvedev.

In 1808, eight samovar factories were operating in Tula. In 1812, the factory of Vasily Lomov was opened, in 1813 - Andrey Kurashev, in 1815 - Egor Chernikov, in 1820 - Stepan Kiselyov.

Samovars were then sold by weight and cost: from brass - 64 rubles per pood, from red copper - 90 rubles per pood.

In 1826, the factory of Dray merchants produced 2,372 samovars per year, Nikita Lisitsyn - 320 pieces, the Chernikov brothers - 600 pieces, Kurashev - 200 pieces, philistine Malikov - 105 pieces, gunsmiths Minaev - 128 pieces and Chiginsky - 318 pieces.

Thus, the samovar, as a household item, was in high demand among merchants. At first, the samovar was available only to wealthy, wealthy families, as it was not cheap. And it was only from the middle of the XIX century that the villagers began to use it.

The production of samovars continues after the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Bolsheviks who came to power liked the samovar, so it continued to exist as an object of everyday life and art.

After the Great Patriotic War, a new stage in the development of Tula samovar production began. In the 50s, all the samovar enterprises of Tula were united into one. The Stamp plant is the only one in the city that began to produce samovars.

The history of the samovar continues to this day. Together with the fire samovars, a huge number of electric samovars are produced.

These household items are popular not only in our country, but also abroad.

2.3. What are samovars

According to the scope of application, samovars corresponded to the change in consumer demand. Therefore, the following types of samovars can be distinguished:

Types of samovars by scope and volume:

• everyday - samovars of a particularly unremarkable shape, were placed

more often in "human" rooms (servants' quarters);

• front doors - were richly decorated, were placed in the house, on special occasions;

• road - produced in small volume, had removable legs, often folding handles and a flat shape;

• soldiers ' - featured a shoulder strap;

• samovars for one person - "egoist";

• samovar for two - "tete-a-tete";

• children's - an exact copy of large samovars; a child could melt such a samovar on his own and warm the water;

• family - more often simple forms for the middle strata of the population with a large family composition;

• shop - samovars of medium capacity;

• inns - without special frills, accommodating up to 15 liters of water;

• monastic - could hold up to 100 liters of water, were used in monasteries and as public samovars.

Types of samovars for their intended purpose:

Simultaneously with the samovar, there were heating vessels in which it was possible to cook food or sbiten, brew coffee, warm up or, conversely, cool wine.

They were in many ways similar in design to the samovar, but since they differed from it in purpose, they had their own peculiarities in the details of the design.

By appointment , samovars were:

• "classic" - for making tea, sometimes food;

• samovars-kitchens - for simultaneous preparation of soup, porridge and tea;

• samovars-sbitenniki - to carry hot sbiten - a drink made of honey, sage, hops, mint, etc.;

• samovars-kettles - for making boiling water;

• samovars-coffee pots - served for making coffee and had a device for hanging a bag of coffee;

• broths - for serving boiling water from a samovar to the table, heating water and keeping it hot - a metal vessel with an alcohol lamp in the lower part;

• "fountains" - served as a refrigerator; they were used to cool

or serve cold drinks, and ice was placed in the bowl instead of fuel.

Types of samovars for fuel use:

According to the use of fuel , the following samovars were produced:

• samovars on firewood - they are also "roasting", heated with coals;

• kerosene samovars - were in great demand where kerosene was cheaper;

• Chernikov samovar - a construction with a pipe connected to the side, which significantly accelerated the boiling of water;

• samovar "Parichko" - working on coals, kerosene, alcohol;

• electric samovar - water is heated in it by means of a heating element;

• combined samovar - powered by coal or electric.

Forms of samovars:

Samovars were produced in different shapes and finishes:

• samovar bank;

• samovar-shot glass;

• samovar vase;

• samovar-acorn;

• samovar-double;

• samovar-turnip;

• samovar-egg;

• samovar-flame;

• samovar jug;

• samovar ball

• samovar-rooster;

• samovar-barrel, etc

. Various alloys of nickel silver, copper, brass served as the material for samovars.

Expensive products were silvered. Samovars were made not only of metal, but also of faience, porcelain and even crystal.

2.4. The structure of the samovar and the principle of operation

The structure of the samovar

Despite the variety of forms, samovars are arranged in the same way. What are the components and details of the samovar? (Appendix 1.)

The most important part of the samovar, often having a beautiful shape, is the trunk (body), where water is poured for boiling. In the center of the samovar, inside, there is a special cavity for fuel - a jug or a pipe-brazier. At the bottom of the jug there is a grate where

the fuel was put.

The body is connected to the lower part - the pallet, the base of the samovar, to which the legs are attached. This transition from the body to the pallet is called a neck; in the upper part of the neck there are blowholes - holes, decoratively decorated, through which air passes, necessary to maintain the gorenje process.

At the junction of the neck and the pallet, from the inside, there is a bottom. Here the products of wood fuel combustion accumulate: ash, embers. gorenje. The bottom is not fixed tightly. It can be opened and ash and ash can be removed.

On the side of the case there are handles - paired, curved metal plates with a wooden roller between them. Wooden rollers - cones-grips, worn on special bearing rods, for the convenience of transferring the samovar from one place to another and protect your hands from the danger of getting burned.

In front of the body there is a crane, which consists of a key and a branch of the crane - a curved plate connected to the key for easy turning. Through the tap, boiling water is poured from the samovar into cups. The crane is connected to the body by a thistle - a special thickening around the crane for a more reliable connection.

A circle is put on the upper part of the samovar body - a cast ring that serves as a support for the lid. The lid closes the samovar case and does not let the water boil out. In the center of the lid there is a hole equal in diameter to the pipe-brazier, the lid is strung on the brazier. Also, small round holes with a hinged lid are often punched in the lid, these are steam pipes (air vents): when the samovar boils, steam is released through the steamers.

A burner - stand for a teapot is put on the lid, which is often placed on top of the samovar for warming and drying, as well as to make the tea "infused" better. The burner also masks the part of the brazier that rises above the lid. At the very top there is a small cap-cap. This is a plug, it closes the upper opening of the brazier, stops the gorenje process in the samovar, as it prevents the constant flow of air through the pipe-brazier. For the samovar to work, the plug must be removed.

On the cap-plug - and the lid there are handles, round wooden cones, they are attached with the help of small hollow cylinders put on a screw - podshishek.

Wooden cones protect hands from contact with hot metal, since it is these parts of the samovar - the lid, the plug, as well as the side handles - that the hostess touches during the operation of the samovar. The lumps are fixed with special conical nuts - raspberries. This design is mandatory for any type of samovar. The size, volume, shape of the body and other parts change, but they are all necessary for the operation of the fire samovar.

The principle of operation of the samovar

The principle of operation of the samovar is as follows. Fuel is put into the brazier (pipe). Air passes through the grate into the pipe and rises naturally, creating traction in the furnace. In village huts, the pipe of the samovar was connected by means of an L-shaped pipe to the chimney, which provided traction. In the case when the fuel or the weather was wet, the samovar had to be inflated. This can be done through holes in the walls of the furnace, or with the help of a boot that was put on the pipe of the samovar. When the water begins to boil, a teapot is installed on the burner. The thrust slows down. The water slowly comes to a boil, brewing tea at the same time.

Now a huge number of electric samovars are being produced and instead of a pipe with coal inside they have a spiral built in. The samovar is plugged into the socket, the spiral heats up and the water boils.

Unfortunately, today the samovar has been displaced from the everyday life of modern people by electric kettles.

2.5. The most unusual samovars

The largest samovar

The largest samovar in the world was made at the plant "STC-Zaporozhye" by order of the Southern Railway. A giant samovar with a height of 1 m 80 cm, weighing 305 kg and a volume of more than 300 liters of water will constantly work in the tea pavilion of the Kharkiv railway station. In just a day, the samovar can serve up to 10 thousand people.

But soon this record was broken. At the end of the last century, a new giant samovar was made for the anniversary of the Stamp plant. Its weight reached 500 kg, height 2 meters, and capacity - 450 liters of water. It took a little more than three hours to fully heat the water in such an amount.

The smallest samovar

Not only giant samovars deserve special attention and admiration, but also samovars whose dimensions do not exceed 1 centimeter. So, until recently, the smallest samovar was considered a samovar, measuring a centimeter, weighing 16 grams, with the possibility of boiling 4 drops of water.

However, recently this record was broken and today we can see a micro-cooker. It was made by Vasily Vasyurenko, a locksmith at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In a functioning 3.5 mm high samovar, you can boil it... one drop of water. The samovar is made of gold, has 12 main parts and can be used for its intended purpose.

Samovar-steam locomotive

An unusual samovar is located in the Vyshnevolotsk Museum of Local Lore. It is made in the form of a steam locomotive. When the water heated on the alcohol stove boils in the locomotive "boiler", the samovar declares its readiness with a shrill whistle. Moving around the table, the train delivers to each of the participants of the feast not only boiling water, but also chopped sugar, packed in a tender

Crystal Samovar

In Moscow, the Kremlin Armory houses the only samovar in our country, carved from a single crystal of rock crystal.

The most expensive samovar in the world

Samovars made at the beginning of the last century in Faberge workshops are recognized as the most expensive today. Silver and gilding were used for their production. Unique techniques for coining, hammering, casting and cutting were also used.

One of these samovars was bought at Sotheby's auction in 2004 for 274,400 pounds.

2.6. Proverbs and sayings about the samovar

Samovar - entered the classics of Russian literature and art as an indispensable attribute of family well-being and peace. Under the chugging of the samovar, they composed poems, sang songs, led round dances.

The samovar is a part of the life and destiny of the Russian people, reflected in proverbs and sayings. I found proverbs and sayings about the samovar.

• The samovar is boiling - it does not tell you to leave!

• Tea is more important with a boisterous samovar, conversation is more fun.

• Drink a cup of tea from the samovar - you will forget the longing.

These and many other proverbs reflect the respectful and kind attitude to the samovar that it has earned over several centuries. (Appendix 2).

Samovar is a kind Russian hospitality. In the circle of friends and relatives, the samovar gives warmth and peace of heart. Samovars are also popular in folk art. They were depicted on paintings, trays, wooden and birch bark boxes, spinning wheels.

2.7. Traditions of tea consumption in Russia

The samovar is always in the center of the table. He is kind - in his image, in his roundness

forms. He good-naturedly puffs smoke and gurgles boiling water. He reflects in his sides the people around him and nature, giving some unreality to what is happening. What is the attractive power of the samovar, why it has remained the most stable attribute of home comfort, can be understood by studying the peculiarities of the Russian tradition - tea drinking.

The fact that tea has got along well in Russian cuisine has played a role not only its remarkable properties, but also the conditions of our climate, as well as the peculiarities of national cuisine with an abundance of various pastries. Pies and cookies, gingerbread and bagels, buns and cakes, pancakes and fritters - all these favorite dishes in Russia could not be better suited to the tea table. Tea drinking has organically fit into the ancient traditions of Russian hospitality.

With the advent of the samovar, there was no need to heat the stove in order to boil water. At the same time, the water in it does not cool down for a long time, and the tea is brewed better, and it turns out much tastier!

There were many signs associated with the samovar. The coal was accidentally dropped - to be guests. Buzzing? Frost promises strong. Beeping? Survives from the owners' house. What's wrong with them? They don't know how to melt the first time, or they serve it on the table at the wrong time, but they will serve it, but it looks like it fits out of sight, it's a shame to show the guests...

Hardworking housewives polished their samovar in such a way that you look at it in a mirror. The hostess will admire herself and smile. And a smile, as you know, makes everyone beautiful. People say on this score: "Why are you shining like a samovar?".

They usually drank tea after a meal, and sometimes separately from it. Depending on individual tastes, sugar, lemon, honey, jam can be added to tea. Sometimes they drank tea with milk or cream. A purely Russian version of drinking tea with sugar is "vprykusku", when unsweetened tea was drunk, while holding a small piece of solid sugar in the mouth so that the sugar was "washed" with tea.

III.THE PRACTICAL PART

3.1. Survey results

At the first stage of my research, I conducted a survey among students and school staff. 32 people took part in it. The following questions were asked:

Do you know what a samovar is?

What are samovars?

How does a samovar work?

Do you have a samovar at home?

Do you have a tradition of drinking tea with your family from a samovar? (Appendix 3).

As the results of the answers to the first question showed, many answered that they know what a samovar is.

The results of the answers to the second and third questions showed that more than half of the respondents do not know what samovars are and how a samovar works.

And the answers to the fourth and fifth questions showed that the majority of respondents do not have samovars. And only 2 people drink tea from the samovar.

After analyzing the results of the survey, we can conclude that only a few do not know what a samovar is.

3.2 Visit to the "Samovar Museum" in Saratov

In order to get better acquainted with the variety of samovars and learn the history of these household items of the past, my classmates and I decided to visit the "Samovar Museum" in our city.

We learned that in addition to samovars, there are also related items of Russian life that complement the idea of the tradition of tea drinking – dishes, trays, towels, chandeliers, porcelain and much more. The museum has several exhibition halls – "Russian hut", "Tavern", "Historical", "Porcelain".

The Museum of Samovars in Saratov opened in June 2015 on the basis of a collection collected by deputy and industrialist Semyon Glozman. For 30 years, he managed to collect a strand of 1000 samovars and household items of domestic and foreign production. As a rule, he brought exhibits from trips (Iran, Korea, Poland), many were brought to him as a gift.. The collection of Semyon Moiseevich Glozman presents various types of samovars: classic, samovars-kitchens (for soup, porridge), samovars - sbitenniki (a samovar with a special handle to carry a hot drink), samovars - kettles, samovars - coffee pots, broths (with alcohol burners for heating water and keeping it hot), "fountains" (you can heat or cool liquids in them by dropping either ice or a heated metal cylinder into the pipe).

The collection includes over 700 items. It widely represents the areas of application and purpose of samovars: everyday, ceremonial, travel (with removable legs), soldier (with a belt for carrying over the shoulder), for singles (egoist), for two (tete-a-tete), children's, family, shop, tavern. According to experts, the collection of samovars presented in the Saratov museum is the most significant and complete in all of Russia.

IV. The conclusion

Having finished my research, I can say that my hypothesis has been confirmed. The samovar is not only the main subject of Russian life, but also an integral part of folk traditions, a symbol of family unity, harmony and order in the house. Over the samovar, they shared the news, talked about business, about plans for the next day. This subject has entered the classics of Russian literature and art.

A samovar is a very convenient economical device for heating water, but, unfortunately, coal samovars are rarely used. It is impossible to imagine a traditional Russian tea party without it. He was always given the role of a silent interlocutor at the table. He became a real "master" of feasts. Today, most often we meet electric samovars, which are used by few

Basically, the samovar is used as a souvenir, as a museum exhibit, as an attribute of kitchen utensils in a few families and at folk festivals and festivities.

Bibliography

1. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary

2. http://www.ru.wikipedia.org.

3. http://www.net.samovar.ru

4. http://www.tula-samovar.com.ru/

5. http://www.100 samovarov.ru.

Appendix 1

Proverbs and sayings about the samovar

Самовар кипит - уходить не велит!

С самоваром - буяном чай важнее, беседа веселее.

Выпей из самовара чайку - забудешь тоску.

"Самовар, что море Соловецкое, пьют из него за здоровье молодецкое"

Чай из самовара пьёшь - до ста лет проживёшь.

В Тулу со своим самоваром не ездят.

Самовар кипит - уходить не велит.

Приходите, самоварчик поставим, а уйдёте - чайку попьём.

На три двора пять самоваров и одна лошадь.

Самовар - друг семейного очага, лекарство прозябшего путника.

К самовару приглашаем со своим сахаром и чаем.

Нашему самовару двоюродный подсвечник.

Самовар шипит, поёт, всех за стол давно зовёт.

До чего народ доходит: самовар в упряжке ходит.

Без крышки самовар не кипит, без матери ребёнок не резвится.

Со своим самоваром в гости не ходят.

Барыня спит, самовар кипит. Когда барыню разбудят, самовара уже не будет.

Самовар без трубы, что баня без веника.

С легким паром, с горячим самоваром.

Разошёлся, как холодный самовар.

Нашему самовару двоюродный плетень.

Appendix 2

Questionnaire

1. Do you know what a samovar is?

a) yes b) no

2. Do you know what samovars are?

a) yes b) no

3. Do you know how the samovar works?

a) yes b) no

4. Do you have a samovar at home?

a) yes b) no

5. Do you have a tradition of drinking tea with your family from a samovar?

a) yes b) no