Практическая работа по теме
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
предназначена для обучающихся по специальности 09.02.07. Информационные системы и программирование по программе среднего профессионального образования
Programming is an important engineering tool. It is a process of writing a computer program using a computer language. Computer programs are collections of instructions that tell a computer how to interact with the user and the computer hardware and how to process data. Our work would have been very demanding and time consuming without programming.
Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages or machine languages are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer. It is extremely tedious to program directly in machine language because instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s called bits. Assembly languages are used to make machine language programs easier to write. For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, and MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into machine language by software called an assembler.
High-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language and therefore easier to read, write, and maintain. Examples of high-level languages are Pascal (widely used as a beginner or as a teaching language), C (used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs), C++ (primarily utilized with system / application software, drivers, client-server applications), Cobol (popular for business applications), Fortran (used for scientific and mathematical applications), Java (designed to run on the Web), Visual Basic (used to create Windows applications) and shell scripting languages such as those found in the UNIX, Linux and Mac OS X environment. The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages, they use instructions (markups) to format and link text files, for example, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
Regardless of what language you use you need to translate it into machine language so that a computer can understand and process it. There are two ways to do this: to compile the program and interpret the program. In a compiled language, the programmer writes more general instructions and a compiler (a special piece of software) automatically translates these high level instructions into machine language. The machine language is then executed by the computer. A large portion of software in use today is programmed in this way. In an interpreted programming language, the statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the program is running. This means they are translated into machine language on the fly and then are executed as the program is running.
People communicate instructions to the computer in programming languages and the choice of the language depends on the type of computer, the sort of program, the expertise of the programmer, etc.
2. Задания на формирование и совершенствование лексических навыков (Vocabulary – слайды 5, 6,7, 8):
| 1. to perform 2. expertise 3. to interact 4. demanding 5. to interpret 6. tedious 7. to maintain 8. sophisticated 9. to utilize 10. error
| a. to keep b. boring c. bug d. complicated e. to use f. challenging g. competence h. to execute i. to communicate j. to translate
|
Keys: 1h, 2g, 3i, 4f, 5j, 6b, 7a, 8d, 9e, 10c
demanding sophisticated time-consuming tedious to debug markup to compile shell script to interpret to convert on the fly flowchart statement | a) taking up or involving a great deal of time b) requiring much effort and energy c) to change a computer program into a machine language through a compiler d) advanced and complicated e) a set of tags assigned to elements of a text to dictate how they should be displayed f) while activity is ongoing g) a text file that contains a sequence of commands h) to change into a different form i) too long, slow or dull, monotonous j) a step-by-step diagram for planning a solution model to a given problem k) to translate a program in a high-level language into a machine language l) an instruction written in a high-level language m) to identify and remove errors from computer software or hardware
|
Keys: 1. b, 2.d, 3.a, 4.i, 5.m, 6. g, 7.c, 8.e, 9.k, 10.h, 11.f, 12.j, 13.l
| to process, to use, scientific, machine, time, high level, to create, to compile, to detect, markup, to translate, to execute | applications, language, a task, program, data, consuming, instructions, errors, a code, abbreviations |
| a compiler, process, machine-language, on the fly, programming language, application, data, expertise |
1. A single statement in a high-level language can represent several ___ instructions.
2. The operating system is the best-known example of ___ software.
3. Each ___ has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
4. ___ automatically translates high level instructions into machine language.
5. The software program has a table of values for some results, but calculates others ___.
6. Computer can ___ a large amount of ___ in a short period of time.
7. She has considerable ___ in computer programming.
Keys:
Machine-language
Application
Programming language
A compiler
On the fly
Process, data
Expertise
Работа с тематическим текстом - слайд 9:
1. What is programming?
2. What languages are referred to as low-level languages?
3. What high-level languages are mentioned in the text?
4. What are markup languages used for?
True/False
1. The only language a computer can directly execute is machine language.
2. It is not necessary to convert a program into machine language if you use high-level languages.
3. Machine language uses abbreviations and is easy to write.
4. Low-level programming languages are closer to human languages.
5. A large portion of software in use today is programmed in compiled languages.
6. In compiled languages the statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the program is running.
7. Pascal used to create Web documents is one of the popular high-level languages.
8. Markup languages use instructions to format and link text files.
9. HTML is an example of a low-level programming language.
Keys: 1. true; 2. false; 3. false; 4. false; 5. true; 6. false; 7. false; 8. true; 9. false
Аудирование Top 5 Programming Languages 2023 video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzk5DCFJr8c (слайд 11)
Task: match the programming languages and their descriptions
Swift C C++ Java Javascript Python
| The most versatile and powerful language. It controls multimedia within web pages and allows them to be interactive The mother of all programming languages An enormous amount of applications and websites use it. It has spread its roots into every software framework. It is an advanced version of C. it is used for web development, games, etc. It is a lot older than Java. It was developed to keep in mind one thing: simplicity. It is a high-level, general-purpose, compiled programming language. If you want to develop anything for Apple, it is your savior. |
Keys: 1f, 2 b, 3d, 4c, 5a, 6e
Составление схемы: Steps in writing a program (слайд 12)
Составление диалога по тексту инструкции
To write a program software developers usually follow these steps:
First, they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.
They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.
Next, they write the instructions in a high level language. This is called coding. The program is then compiled.
When the program is written they test it. They run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is called debugging or bug fixing.
Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved it is published as an updated version.
Эталон диалога:
A: software developers follow certain steps to write any program, don’t they?
B: You are absolutely right. And do you / know what the first step in writing a program is?
A: First of all it is necessary to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program. What do software developers do next?
B: Well, secondly they design a flowchart. By the way, do you know what a flowchart is?
A: If I’m not mistaken, it is a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program. As far as I know, then the programmers write the instructions in a machine language, don’t they?
B: I’m afraid, you are wrong. The instructions are written in a high level language. This is called coding. The program is then compiled.
A: Well, I see. But when the program is written they test it. They run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors.
B: Moreover, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation, get reports from users about any errors and improve the program.
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