Методические указания 2 курс 1 часть (ТОР) 2025

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

И ОХРАНЫ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЖИВОТНОГО МИРА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

(ГБПОУ НО «КБЛК»)

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык

в профессиональной деятельности (Английский язык)»

для студентов II курса часть 1

«Россия в современном мире. Экономика отрасли»

для специальности 23.02.07 Техническое обслуживание

и ремонт автотранспортных средств

Красные Баки

2025

Lesson 1

The Russian Federation in the modern world

№1. Read and translate the text:

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena - flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of dim-ate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.

№2. Give the plural of nouns and translate them:

country, part, sea, border, plain, mountain, river, lake, forest, stone, type, capital, centre, city, price, factory, plant, ocean, state.

№3. Write the numerals and translate the word-combinations:

17 million square kilometres; by 12 seas; 3 oceans; one-seventh of the earth’s surface; over two million rivers; 1,600 metres; one-sixth of the world’s forests.

№4. Form the adjectives with suffixe –ern.

west, east, north, south.

№5. Write 3 degrees of comparison of the word-combinations:

The largest country; Europe’s biggest rives; the world’s deepest lake; much smaller; much more water; the oldest Russian cities.

№6. Write the definitions of the words:

Surface, square, two, rich, clear, that, bottom, if, vast, they, parliamentary, legislative, scientific, because, younger, concentrate, generation.

№7. Translate the international words:

Federation, occupy, total, republic, continental, mineral, climate, type, concentrate, territory, resources, industrial.

№8. Write 4 forms of the verbs:

Separate, occupy, wash, look, have, count, exercise, decrease, lead, become, flow, be.

№9. Translate the expressions:

1. Sea border – Russia borders on Finland

2. mountain chain – the highest mountain

3. the main Siberian rivers flow from the south – fast flow

4. the head of state – to head the department

№10. Complete the sentences:

1. River, the, into, Volga, Europe’s, biggest, Caspian, the, flows, sea.

2. Rich, is, beautiful, Russia, in lakes.

3. Deepest, the, lake, Baikal, the, Lakes, world’s, is.

4. Is, parliamentary, Russia, a, republic.

5. State, the, Head, President, the, of, is.

6. One, cities, Russian, is, oldest, of, it, the.

7. Russia, is, capital, the, Moscow, of.

№11. Answer the questions:

1. Where is the Russian Federation situated?

2. What is total area of the country?

3. What countries does Russian border' on?

4. What mountain chain separates Europe from Asia?

5. How many rivers are there in Russia?

6. Which is the longest river in Europe?

7. What do you know about Lake Baikal?

8. Do you know what strait separates Russian from America?

9. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in?

10. What is the climate like in Russia?

11. What can you say about the Russian economy?

12. What great Russians do you know?

Lesson 2

Nouns

№1. Study the material:

Существительное в английском языке (noun) - это часть речи, которая обозначает (называет) предмет, лицо или явление и отвечает на вопросы «кто?» или «что?».

Существительные могут обозначать:

• вещи: plane – самолет, magazine – журнал;

• живые существа: dog – собака, human – человек;

• места: field – поле, New York – Нью-Йорк;

• материалы: cloth – ткань, wood – древесина;

• процессы: life – жизнь, laughter – смех;

• состояния: rest – отдых, sleep – сон;

• абстрактные понятия: beauty – красота, happiness – счастье;

• качества: kindness – доброжелательность, bravery – смелость.

По своему составу существительные делятся на:

Простые существительные - в составе которых нет суффикса или префикса:

pen – ручка, book – книга, day – день, cat – кот.

Производные существительные – в которых есть суффикс или префикс или то и другое: brotherhood - братство, engineer – инженер, actress – актриса, immortality – бессмертие.

Сложные (или составные) существительные - состоят из двух слов: двух существительных или существительного и прилагательного, или существительного и глагола: letterbox – ящик для писем (letter – письмо, box – ящик), blackboard – классная доска (black – черный, board – доска).

По своему значению имена существительные подразделяются на нарицательные и имена собственные.

Имена собственные (Proper Names) – это существительные, которые указывают на уникальные, единичные предметы, лица, понятия.

Нарицательные имена (Common Names) указывают на общие названия предметов, материй, лиц и понятий, их категорий и групп. К нарицательным существительным относятся:

• Собирательные (collective nouns) — существительные, представляющие собой названия групп лиц, животных, предметов, рассматриваемых как единое целое: club – клуб, team – команда, fleet – флот;

• Вещественные (material nouns) — существительные, обозначающие различные вещества: iron – железо, water – вода, wool – шерсть;

• Конкретные (concrete nouns) — существительные, обозначающие названия предметов, обладающих свойством быть узнанными посредством ощущения: ball – мяч, stone – камень;

• Отвлеченные (abstract nouns) — существительные, обозначающие названия понятий, качества, свойства, признаки или какое-то состояние предмета, лица: knowledge – знание, strength – сила, courage – мужество, beauty – красота.

Нарицательные существительные также подразделяются на исчисляемые и неисчисляемые.

К исчисляемым существительным относятся названия предметов, которые можно пересчитать: a book – книга, five books – пять книг.

К неисчисляемым существительным относятся названия веществ и понятий, которые нельзя пересчитать: iron – железо, capitalism – капитализм.

Существительное может быть как единственного, так и множественного числа.

Единственное число (singular) обозначает один предмет: cup – чашка, bubble – пузырек.

Множественное число (plural) обозначает два и более предмета: three cups – три чашки, hundreds of bubbles – сотни пузырьков.

В современном английском языке существует только два падежа: общий и притяжательный.

Общий падеж (common case) английских существительных ничем не обозначен, то есть существительные в этом падеже имеют нулевое окончание (chair, car). Его значение очень размыто, и в зависимости от контекста существительное в общем падеже может выполнять самые разные функции.

Притяжательный падеж (possessive/genitive case) чаще всего выражает принадлежность (отсюда название possessive). Притяжательный падеж образуется при помощи знака апострофа и буквы «s» ('s) или просто апострофа ('): Xerxes' army, Socrates' wife.

№2. Make the following singular nouns into plural.

№3. Divide into countable and uncountable.

№4. Put the word combinations into the possessive form.

1) the clothes of the boys

2) the club of the women

3) the father of James

4) my mother-in-law favourite flowers

5) the orders of the Commander-in-Chief

6) the name of my sister-in-law

7) the poems of Burns

8) the park of St James

9) the countries of Caesar and Cleopatra

10) the wedding of William and Mary

№5. Divide the compound words into two parts and translate them:

Example:   clockwork (часовой механизм) = clock (часы) + work (работа)

highway, mailbox, postman, basketball, jellyfish, rainbow, pancake, motherland, runway, ice-cream, blackboard, sunglasses, raincoat, butterfly, newspaper, gentleman, toothbrush, earring, notebook, driveway, housewife, homework, penknife, keyboard, sidewalk

№6. Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences

1. paris is the capital of france.

2. william shakespeare is a famous english author.

3. ‘war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy.

4. The universities of oxford and cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level.

5. john's two dogs are named rover and boxer.

6. david will travel to france to do a degree course on the french revolution.

7. suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea.

8. republic of liberia is on the west coast of africa.

9. mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones

10. mount kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in africa. 

№7. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns.

1. A _____ of birds flew high in the sky.

2. They saw a _____ of lions at the zoo.

3. The farmer has a _____ of cattle on his farm.

4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.

5. Our friend shows us a _____ of stamps.

6. We saw a _____ of sheep on our way home.

7. Police have arrested a _____ of thieves.

8. She bought a _____ of bananas from the market.

9. The _____ of pupils are listening attentively to their teacher.

10. You can put the _____ of tools in that box. 

Lesson 3

Economics of Russia

№1. Read and translate the text:

The economy of Russia is the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal value. Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals. It is also rich in agriculture. Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy to a more market-based and globally integrated economy.

Under the presidency of Vladimir Putin Russia's economy saw the nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) double, climbing from 22^nd to 11^th largest in the world. The economy made real gains of an average 7% per year, making it the 6^th largest economy in the world in GDP.

The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources. However, most such resources are located in remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and far from Russian ports. The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves, and is the largest exporter, of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the eighth largest oil reserves, and is the largest exporter of oil. Natural resources, especially oil and gas, dominate Russian exports. Oil and gas exports continue to be the main source of hard currency. Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold.

Russia's defense industry employs 2.5-3 million people, accounting for 20% of all manufacturing jobs. Russia is the world's second largest conventional arms exporter after the United States. The most popular types of weaponry bought from Russia are Sukhoi and MiG fighters, air defense systems, helicopters, battle tanks, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. Space industry of Russia consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy.

In the Russian law as in the law of many other civilized countries, there are sectors of the economy who are considered to be crucial for national security and foreign companies are restricted from owning them. Investments in the so-called Strategic Sectors are defined in a law adopted by the Federal Assembly of Russia.

№2. Answer the questions:

1. Is the economy of Russia or the UK the eleventh largest economy in the world?

2. Has Russia an abundance of natural gas, oil and coal?

3. What natural resources dominate Russian exports?

4. Is the petroleum industry in Russia one of the largest in the world?

5. What are the most popular types of weaponry bought from Russia?

№3. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false once:

1. Russia has an abundance of natural materials, oil, coal, and precious metals.

2. Russia is the world's third largest conventional arms exporter.

3. Russia has the largest reserves of natural gas.

4. Russia is also a leading exporter of minerals and gold.

5. Space industry of Russia consists of over 1000 companies

№4. Find in the text antonyms and translate them:

smallest, poor, little, easy, near, import, minor, passive

№5. Write plural form of the next nouns and translate them:

job, industry, type, country, metal, resource, company, system

№6. Translate the word–combinations into English using the preposition “of” or a possessive case of the noun:

Экономика России, распад Советского Союза, введение инновационных технологий, президент страны, экспортер природного газа и нефти, начало восстановления экономики, несостоятельность экономики, альтернативные источники энергии, сфера модернизации, роль ядерной энергетики, производство радиофармпрепаратов, доля российских фирм на рынке, кампания по модернизации страны

№7. Translate the sentences into English:

1. В России развиты следующие отрасли промышленности: нефтяная, газовая, угольная, лесная, пищевая, машиностроительная.

2. В настоящее время необходимо развивать многие секторы внутренней экономики.

3. Осуществление финансово-бюджетной политики страны направлено на восстановление экономики.

4. Правительство принимает определенные меры чтобы обеспечить развитие предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса.

5. Снижение цен – результат жесткой конкуренции.

6. Нельзя отрицать важность создания совместных предприятий с иностранными компаниями

7. В мире сильно возросла потребность в специалистах по нанотехнологиям.

№8. Choose the correct word: economy, economics, economist, economic, to economize, economical.

1. An early definition (определение) of… was «an inquiry (изучение) into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations».

2. The national… is the system of the management and use of resources of a country.

3. You can… if you compare the prices of goods before buying them.

4. J. M. Keynes was a famous…

5. Inflation may cause a bad… state (положение) in a country.

6. If you've got a large family, it's more… to travel by car than by train.

Lesson 4

Articles

№1. Study the information:

Артикль – служебное слово, употребляется только с существительным, на русский язык не переводится. Артикль бывает 2-х видов: неопределённый, определённый.

Неопределённый артикль происходит от числительного one.

Определённый артикль происходит от указательного местоимения that.

Когда мы упоминаем предмет впервые, то употребляем неопределённый артикль a (an). При вторичном упоминании – употребляется определённый артикль the. - It is a book. The book is interesting. Неопределённый артикль употребляется: перед существительным, которое является единичным, отдельным предметом и не выделяется из класса однородных предметов.

Неопределённый артикль: а (перед согласной буквой) - a dog / an (перед гласной буквой) - an animal. Определённый артикль the произносится: [DI] (перед гласной буквой), [Dq] (перед согласной буквой).

Определённый артикль употребляется:

1) с существительным в ед.ч., которое является единственным в своём роде предметом или явлением (the sun, the moon).

2) с существительным, которое имеет обобщённое значение, т.е. обозначает целый класс предметов (The cat has four paws).

3) если перед существительным стоит порядковое числительное или прилагательное в превосходной степени (the first boy, the tallest man)

4) со странами во мн.ч., содержащие слова union, kingdom, republic, state, federation, emirates, empire; с океанами, морями, реками, озёрам, заливы, проливы, каналы, водопады; с горными цепями, пустынями, группами островов.

Отсутствие артикля:

• если существительное во мн.ч. в собирательном, обобщённом значении I like cats

• если существительное обозначает вещества, отвлечённые понятия milk, love

• если перед сущ. стоит колич. числ., притяж. или указ. мест. two girls, my mother

• если перед сущ. стоит другое сущ. в притяжательном падеже brother’s name

• перед существительными обозначающие титулы, звания и формы обращения, если за ними следует имя собственное Lord Bayron, Mister Jefferson

• с названиями дней, месяцев, времён года Sunday, May

• в ряде устойчивых выражений: at home, at school, go to school, at lunch, by bus

• с континентами, странами, штатами, городами; вулканами, островами

№2. Fill in a or an

… man, … uniform, … bright student, … educational programme, … unusual invitation, … loving parent, … international exchange, … well-known tower, … excellent actor,

… sportsman.

№3. Insert the article where necessary:

1. This is … book. It is my … book.

2. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil.

3. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor.

4. I have no … handbag.

5. She has got … headache.

6. Have they got … car? – Yes, they have. Their … car is very expensive but reliable.

7. Have you got … calculator? – No, I haven’t.

8. Is this … watch? – No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen.

9. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad.

10. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper.

№4. Fill in the gaps with a / an / the / -

1. He hasn’t got … car. But he’s got … computer. … computer is new.

2. My … friends have got … cat and … dog. … dog never bites … cat.

3. This is … tree. … tree is green.

4. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing.

5. I have … bicycle. … bicycle is black. My … friend has no … bicycle.

6. Our … room is large.

7. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long.

8. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil.

9. Last year I gave my … mother … bracelet for her … birthday. She liked … bracelet. 10. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog.

№5. Every sentence has a mistake. Find and correct it:

Example: John is on the holiday. – John is on holiday. I am teacher. – I am a teacher.

1) Her name’s Ann. She’s doctor.

2) She has the flat in London.

3) I go to the work by car.

4) We have the dinner at eight o’clock in the evening.

5) John always stays in the bed late on Sunday.

№6. Write the sentences in the Singular

1. There are flowers on the table.

2. Do you know these children?

3. We can see many sheep in the field.

4. Give me five pencils, please.

5. Sally is cleaning her teeth.

№7. Fill in with the definite article or zero article:

1. They went to … most expensive restaurant in … New York.

2. … orange is a colour of … Sun.

3. Danny doesn’t like to go to … school on … Saturdays.

4. Where are … girls? – They went to play … piano to … Kelly.

5. She told me about … nice book. … book was about … Egypt.

6. … Math is a difficult subject for … Sam, but he passed his test successfully in … May.

7. In … autumn Nancy is going to … Bermuda, she is interested in … Bermuda Triangle.

8. … USA is washed by … Atlantic and … Pacific Oceans.

9. She visited … Prado Museum In … Madrid.

10. … Mount Everest is … word’s highest mountain.

11. … Earth is … third planet from … Sun.

12. I was on … holiday. We went to … Turkey by … air.

13. We flew over … Alps and made a quick stop in … London.

14. How many kilometers is … moon from … earth?

15. Do you take … sugar in … coffee?

№8. Read and translate the text. Write out 10 nouns without articles:

The economy of the Russian Federation is heavily dependent on exports of raw materials such as oil, gas, metals, and timber. These commodities make up a large portion of Russia's export revenues. However, this reliance creates vulnerabilities because fluctuations in global commodity prices can significantly affect economic performance. Despite these attempts, progress remains slow due to structural challenges and political instability. One major challenge faced by businesses in Russia is corruption, which increases costs and reduces competitiveness. Another issue is infrastructure development, particularly transportation networks that are outdated and inefficient. On the positive side, Russia has made strides in agriculture, becoming one of the world's largest wheat producers. Additionally, tourism is gaining momentum, attracting visitors interested in historical sites and cultural experiences. Education standards in Russia are generally high, producing skilled professionals in fields like engineering and science. Yet, brain drain continues to be a problem as talented individuals seek better opportunities abroad. Monetary policy plays a key role in managing inflation and currency stability. Overall, while Russia faces numerous obstacles, it also holds considerable potential for future growth if reforms continue successfully. Taxation reform aims to improve revenue collection without overly burdening taxpayers. Finally, digitalization initiatives aim to enhance business efficiency and attract investment. Nevertheless, external factors like international sanctions add complexity to economic planning.

№9. Answer the questions:

1. What are the main commodities that contribute to Russia's export revenues?

2. Why does reliance on raw material exports create vulnerabilities for the Russian economy?

3. How have efforts to diversify the economy progressed so far?

4. What are some of the major challenges facing businesses in Russia today?

5. Which areas show promise for future growth despite current difficulties?