Conditionals придаточные предложения

Antonyms

Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary of contradictory notions.

Antonyms

absolute or root antonyms

derivational antonyms

(late - early)

( to please - to displease,

honest - dishonest,

professional - nonprofessional)

different roots

same roots but different affixes

1. Negative prefixes (un-; dis-; non-) form antonyms:

Un-: un true

Dis-: dis like

Non-: non reactive

2. Sometimes they are formed by means of antonymous suffixes -ful and -less

-ful: pain ful

-less: pain less

The antonym of the adjective with the suffix -ful is formed by means of the prefix un- :

success ful – un successful

The antonym of the adjective with the suffix -less is formed with the help of the suffix –ish :

self less - self ish

The same is true about antonyms with negative prefixes

e.g. to man is not an antonym of the word to unman;

to disappoint is not an antonym of the word to appoint .

The difference between derivational and root antonyms is not only in their structure , but in semantics as well.

Derivational antonyms

Absolute

antonyms

express contradictory notions, one of them excludes the other

express contrary notions. If some notions can be arranged in a group of more than two members, the most distant members of the group will be absolute antonyms

e.g. active - inactive

e.g. ugly, plain, good-looking, pretty, beautiful

Leonard Lipka in the book Outline of English Lexicology describes different types of oppositeness, and subdivides them into three types:

• complementarity, e.g. male - female, married – single;
• antonyms, e.g. good – bad
• converseness, e.g. to buy - to sell.

Complementarity

In his classification he describes complementarity in the following way: the denial of the one implies the assertion of the other, and vice versa.

John is not married = John is single

The type of oppositeness is based on yes/no decision. Incompatibility only concerns pairs of lexical units.

Antonyms

It's distinguished from complementarity by being based on different logical relationships . The assertion containing one member implies the negation of the other, but not vice versa.

John is good = John is not bad

John is not good ≠ John is bad

The negation of one term doesn't necessarily implies the assertion of the other.

An important linguistic difference from complementaries is that antonyms are always fully gradable , e.g. hot, warm, tepid, cold.

Converseness

• Converseness is mirror-image relations or functions:

e.g. husband – wife, pupil - teacher, precede - follow, above - below,

before - after etc.

Jonh bought the car from Bill = Bill sold the car to John

2.. Also in the comparative form:

Y is smaller than X = X is larger than Y.

L.Lipka also points out non-binary contrast or many-member lexical sets. Here he points out serially ordered sets, such as

• scales ( hot , warm, tepid, cold, cool );
• colour words ( black , grey, white );
• military ranks (marshal, general, colonel, major, captain etc.)
• gradable examination marks ( excellent , good ,average, fair, poor )

In such sets of words we can have outer and inner pairs of antonyms.

He also points out cycles, such as units of tie:

( spring, summer, autumn, winter )

In this case there are no outermost members.

Not every word in language can have antonyms. This type of opposition can be met in qualitative adjective and their derivatives

e.g. beautiful - ugly,

to beautify - to uglify,

beauty – ugliness

It can be also met in words denoting feelings and states

e.g. respect - scorn, to live - to die,

to respect- to scorn, alive - dead,

respectful – scornful life - death

I t can be also met among words denoting direction in space and time

e.g. here - there, up - down,

now - never, before - after

day - night, early - late etc.

If a word is polysemantic ,

it can have several antonyms

e.g. the word bright has the antonyms:

dim, dull, sad.

Thank you for your attention!