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Модальные глаголы can, could и (be) able to
Can
Мы используем can, чтобы сказать, что что-то возможно или разрешено, или что у кого-то есть физическая способность что-то сделать. Мы используем can + инфинитив (can do / can see и др.):
We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
‘I haven’t got a pen.’ ‘You can use mine.’
Can you speak any foreign languages?
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
The word ‘play’ can be a noun or a verb.
Отрицательная форма - can’t (= cannot):
(Be) able to
Вы можете сказать, что кто-то is able to (способен) сделать что-то, но can более естественный вариант:
Но у can есть только две формы: can (настоящее время) и could (прошедшее время). Поэтому иногда необходимо использовать (be) able to. Сравните:
◇ I can’t sleep.
◇ I haven’t been able to sleep recently.
◇ Tom can come tomorrow.
◇ Tom might be able to come tomorrow.
◇ Maria can speak French, Spanish and English.
◇ Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages.
Could
Иногда could используется как прошедшее время модального глагола can. Часто мы используем could с:
see hear smell taste feel remember understand
We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake.
As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas.
I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn’t hear very well.
Мы также используем could, чтобы сказать, что кто-либо обладал общей способностью или разрешением что-либо сделать:
My grandfather could speak five languages.
We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. (= we were allowed to do = нам было разрешено)
Could и was able to
Мы используем could, говоря об общей способности. Но если вы хотите сказать, что кто-то сделал что-то в какой-то конкретной ситуации, используйте was/were able to или managed to (not could):
The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape / managed to escape. (not could escape)
We didn’t know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to find him in the end. (not could find)
Сравните:
Mike was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. (= в общем, у него была способность/возможность победить кого угодно)
но
Mike and Pete played tennis yesterday. Pete played very well, but Mike managed to beat him. (= он смог победить его конкретно в этой игре)
Отрицательная форма couldn’t (could not) возможна во всех ситуациях:
My grandfather couldn’t swim.
We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn’t find him.
Pete played well, but he couldn’t beat Mike.
Упражнения:
1. Переведите предложения и определите значение модального глагола (способность или неспособность делать что-либо, выражение сомнения, недоумения, запрет или разрешение, вежливая просьба).
You can’t be rude to your sister.
Could you drive me to work?
Could Greg have said this?
Next year I’ll be able to speak English fluently.
I’m sorry but I can’t come to the party.
You can take my dictionary if you need it.
My old grandparents are not able to look after themselves.
Can she still be having a shower?
Could you close the door?
I will be able to play billiards with you tonight.
2. Преобразуйте предложения в прошедшее время Past Simple. Сделайте необходимые изменения.
Н-р: Sally can speak on the phone for hours. – Sally could speak on the phone for hours.
I can dance a waltz round the room right now. (last night)
My little son can read 100 words a minute. (when he was six)
No, he can’t be in London now. (yesterday)
Cindy can’t carry this heavy box.
3. Преобразуйте предложения в прошедшее время Future Simple. Сделайте необходимые изменения.
Н-р: I can join you today. (next Sunday) – I will be able to join you next Sunday.
He can’t lend you his bike. (tomorrow)
We can buy some aspirin at the chemist’s.
Dad can sell his car now. (when he reduces the price)
Our managers can solve the problem. (next week)
4. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, could, be able to в необходимой форме.
Rita … cook perfect steaks as the meat was fresh.
You … work as a waiter until you are 18.
I don’t believe the latest news. It … be true!
When he lived in Canada he … speak French quite well.
We … see the ballet better if we buy the first row tickets.
Mary is depressed, she … stop crying.
Mother caught a taxi because she had a terrible backache, and she … walk.
… you speak slower, please?
I … play the violin now but I … play it two years ago.
You … get to the station in half an hour.